For students who are using the Dyna ten-year series (2007 Edition), please take note of the following errata.
Nov 2006 Paper 1 (MCQ)Q4 Answer is A.Q8 Answer is A.Q32 Answer is A.In addition, please take note of the following.
Nov 2006 Paper 1Q33 Option 3 reads "The enthalpy change of combustion of diamond is
greater than that of graphite". The word "
greater" is used to describe the
magnitude of the enthalpy change.
Nov 2006 Paper 3Q1a(ii) When NaBr(aq) is electrolysed using inert electrodes, H2 is evolved at the cathode while Br2 (not O2) is evolved at the anode. (See explanation below)
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CASE 1: Consider the electrolysis of NaCl(aq).Cl2 + 2e- <--> 2Cl-, E=+1.36V ---(1)
O2 + 4H+ + 4e- <--> 2H2O, E=+1.23V ---(2)
O2 + 2H2O + 4e- <--> 4OH-, E=+0.40V ---(3)
In NaCl(aq), there is Na+(aq), Cl-(aq) and H2O(l) [
or write as "H+(aq) and OH-(aq)"].
At the anode, one of these reactions occur.
From (1), 2Cl- --> Cl2 + 2e-, E=-1.36V
From (2), 2H2O --> O2 + 4H+ + 4e-, E=-1.23V ---(a)
From (3), 4OH- --> O2 + 2H2O + 4e-, E=-0.40V ---(b)
From (a) and (b), the E values tell us that H2O and OH- are more easily oxidised than Cl-. Thus, O2 (and not Cl2) is produced at the anode.
NOTE: Cl2 is produced at the anode if concentrated aqueous NaCl is used.
CASE 2a: Consider the electrolysis of NaBr(aq).Br2 + 2e- <--> 2Br-, E=+1.07V ---(4)
O2 + 4H+ + 4e- <--> 2H2O, E=+1.23V ---(5)
O2 + 2H2O + 4e- <--> 4OH-, E=+0.40V ---(6)
In NaBr(aq), there is Na+(aq), Br-(aq) and H2O(l).
At the anode, one of these reactions occur.
From (4), 2Br- --> Br2 + 2e-, E=-1.07V
From (5), 2H2O --> O2 + 4H+ + 4e-, E=-1.23V ---(c)
From (6), 4OH- --> O2 + 2H2O + 4e-, E=-0.40V ---(d)
From (c), the E value tells us that Br- is more likely to be oxidised than H2O. Thus, Br2 (and not O2) is produced at the anode.
IMPORTANT NOTE:
(d) will give us the
wrong conclusion, i.e. O2 is produced at the anode.
Thus, we should use "
O2 + 4H+ + 4e- <--> 2H2O, E=+1.23V" whenever we deal with the electrolysis of
aqueous metal halides.
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O2 + 4H+ + 4e- <--> 2H2O, E=+1.23V OR
O2 + 2H2O + 4e- <--> 4OH-, E=+0.40V ?
"O2 + 4H+ + 4e- <--> 2H2O" is used when we discuss the electrolysis of aqueous metal halides, e.g. NaBr(aq), KI(aq). Also applies when the electrolyte is H2SO4(aq).
"O2 + 2H2O + 4e- <--> 4OH-" is
NOT used for the electrolysis of metal halides.
In general, we will consider using "
O2 + 2H2O + 4e- <--> 4OH-" for the anodic reaction when the electrolyte is an aqueous solution which
does NOT contain halide ions, e.g. CuSO4(aq), NaNO3(aq), KOH(aq).
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CASE 2b: Consider the electrolysis of NaI(aq).The answer is: I2 is produced at the anode because I- is more easily oxidised than H2O.
2I- --> I2 + 2e-, E=-0.54V
2H2O --> O2 + 4H+ + 4e-, E=-1.23V
CASE 2c: Consider the electrolysis of NaF(aq).
The answer is: O2 is produced at the anode because H2O is more easily oxidised than F-.
2F- --> F2 + 2e-, E=-2.87V
2H2O --> O2 + 4H+ + 4e-, E=-1.23V
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Jun 2007 Paper 4Q1b examines the electrolysis of molten ZnCl2, concentrated ZnCl2(aq) and dilute ZnCl2(aq).
At cathode:
2H+ + 2e- --> H2, E=0.00V --- (7)
Zn2+ + 2e- --> Zn, E=-0.76 V ---(8)
In the case of molten (or liquid) ZnCl2, there are only Zn2+ and Cl- ions. Thus, Zn is produced at the cathode and Cl2 is produced at the anode.
In the case of concentrated ZnCl2(aq), Cl2 is produced at the anode. From (7) and (8), we conclude that H+ is more easily reduced than Zn2+. Hence, H2 should be formed at the cathode.
In the case of dilute ZnCl2(aq), O2 (and not Cl2) is produced at the anode. H2 is produced at the cathode.
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There is
no need to panic! The troublemaker seems to be
metal chlorides. Hence, just be more careful when you see questions involving the electrolysis of metal chlorides.
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Jun 2007 Paper 2 Q3a (Erratum)The electronic configuration of Sr2+ is 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d0.
(The electronic configuration of Sr is 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d0 5s2.)